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The United States is widely considered to have the most extensive and sophisticated intelligence network of any nation in the world, with notable suborganizations including the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency, amongst others. It has conducted numerous espionage operations against foreign countries, including both allies and rivals. This includes industrial espionage 〔("Snowden Documents Show U.S. Spied on Petrobras, Globo TV Reports " ), Bloomberg, September 8, 2013〕 and cyber espionage.〔("N.S.A. Breached Chinese Servers Seen as Security Threat" ), New York Times, March 22, 2014〕 Through a combination of hacking and secret court orders against American technology companies, the United States has also employed mass surveillance of ordinary individuals, both American and foreign nationals alike. Many of these operations have generated public criticism as being unethical; examples include the overthrow of foreign governments, nonconsensual human experiments, extraordinary rendition, enhanced interrogation techniques, targeted killings, assassinations, and the funding and training of militants who would go on to kill civilians and non-combatants.〔(Resolution 1507 (2006). ) Alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe member states〕 ==Edward Snowden disclosures on global mass surveillance== (詳細はtop secret documents leaked in 2013 by ex-NSA contractor Edward Snowden, who obtained them while working for Booz Allen Hamilton, one of the largest contractors for defense and intelligence in the United States., revealed operational details about the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and its international partners' global surveillance of foreign nationals and U.S. citizens. In addition to a trove of U.S. federal documents, Snowden's cache reportedly contains thousands of Australian, British and Canadian intelligence files that he had accessed via the exclusive "Five Eyes" network. In June 2013, the first of Snowden's documents were published simultaneously by ''The Washington Post'' and ''The Guardian'', attracting considerable public attention. The disclosure continued throughout the entire year of 2013, and a significant portion of the full cache of the estimated 1.7 million documents was later obtained and published by many other media outlets worldwide, most notably ''The New York Times'', the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ''Der Spiegel'' (Germany), ''O Globo'' (Brazil), ''Le Monde'' (France), ''L'espresso'' (Italy), ''NRC Handelsblad'' (the Netherlands), ''Dagbladet'' (Norway), ''El País'' (Spain), and Sveriges Television (Sweden).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.eff.org/nsa-spying/nsadocs )〕 These media reports have shed light on the implications of several secret treaties signed by members of the UKUSA community in their efforts to implement global surveillance. For example, ''Der Spiegel'' revealed how the German Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) transfers "massive amounts of intercepted data to the NSA", while Sveriges Television revealed the National Defence Radio Establishment (FRA) provided the NSA with data from its cable collection, under a secret treaty signed in 1954 for bilateral cooperation on surveillance. Other security and intelligence agencies involved in the practice of global surveillance include those in Australia (ASD), Britain (GCHQ), Canada (CSEC), Denmark (PET), France (DGSE), Germany (BND), Italy (AISE), the Netherlands (AIVD), Norway (NIS), Spain (CNI), Switzerland (NDB), as well as Israel (ISNU), which receives raw, unfiltered data of U.S. citizens that is shared by the NSA.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://cphpost.dk/news/denmark-is-one-of-the-nsas-9-eyes.7611.html )〕 The disclosure provided impetus for the creation of social movements against mass surveillance, such as Restore the Fourth, and actions like Stop Watching Us and The Day We Fight Back. On the legal front, the Electronic Frontier Foundation joined a coalition of diverse groups filing suit against the NSA. Several human rights organizations have urged the Obama administration not to prosecute, but protect, "whistleblower Snowden": Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Transparency International, and the Index on Censorship, ''inter alia''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/usa-must-not-persecute-whistleblower-edward-snowden-2013-07-02 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/18/us-statement-protection-whistleblowers-security-sector )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2013/06/us-needs-to-protect-whistleblowers-and-journalists/ )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United States intelligence operations abroad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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